A compiler is a program that translates source code written in a high level programming language into a lower level form such as machine code or bytecode. This translation allows the code to run efficiently on a CPU or virtual machine without the compiler being present at runtime. Compilers usually perform multiple stages, including parsing, analysis, optimization, and code generation. They check for syntax errors and type mismatches before producing an executable or intermediate artifact. Compiled languages like C, Rust, or Go rely heavily on compilers to produce fast, self contained binaries. Many modern toolchains pair a compiler with build systems, linkers, and package managers.
how it works
The compiler first parses source files into an abstract syntax tree, which is a structured representation of the code. It then performs semantic checks, such as verifying that variables are declared and function calls match their definitions. Optimization passes attempt to improve performance by reorganizing code, inlining functions, or eliminating dead paths. Finally, the compiler emits machine code, bytecode, or another target format that a runtime or operating system can execute. Some languages use ahead of time compilation, while others mix compilation and interpretation. When collaborating with AI on compiled projects, it is often helpful to share compiler errors and flags so the AI can suggest targeted fixes.